Changing attributes of place (built landscape, sequent occupance)

Cultural attributes (cultural landscape)

Density (arithmetic, physiological)

Diffusion (hearth, relocation, expansion, hierarchical, contagious, stimulus)

Direction (absolute, relative)

Dispersion/concentration (dispersed/scattered, clustered/agglomerated)

Distance (absolute, relative)

Distribution

Environmental determinism

Location (absolute, relative, site, situation, place name)

Pattern (linear, centralized, random)

Physical attributes (natural landscape)

Possibilism

Region (formal/uniform, functional/nodal, perceptual/vernacular)

Scale (implied degree of generalization)

Size

Spatial (of or pertaining to space on or near Earth’s surface)

Spatial interaction (accessibility, connectivity, network, distance decay, friction of distance, time-space compression)

Distortion

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Grid (North and South Poles, latitude, parallel, equator, longitude, meridian, prime meridian, international date line)

Map (Maps are the tool most uniquely identified with geography; the ability to use and interpret maps is an essential geographic skill.)

Map scale (distance on a map relative to distance on Earth)

Map types (thematic, statistical, cartogram, dot, choropleth, isoline)

Mental map

Model (a simplified abstraction of reality, structured to clarify causal relationships): Geographers use models (e.g., Demographic Transition, Epidemiological Transition, Gravity, Von Thünen, Weber, Stages of Growth [Rostow], Concentric Circle [Burgess], Sector [Hoyt], Multiple Nuclei, Central Place [Christaller], and so on) to explain patterns, make informed decisions, and predict future behaviors.

Projection

Remote sensing